IntroductionGo to Introduction section

F# compiles down into the same IL code as VB and C#. This means that you can have a solution that contains both C# and F# projects. There are lots of guidelines on how to write F# code that is compatible with C# projects. You can find the official ones here(opens in a new window).

But why are there guidelines? Why do we have to write F# differently depending on what language is consuming it? What happens if you just write F# code without following the guidelines and then try and use it from C#?

F# is a multi-paradigm language. It can be used to write functional or object orientated code. OO code in F# (such as classes or interfaces) can be accessed just fine from C#.

The following F# code creates a class that inherits from an interface:

namespace Interoperability.FSharp

type ILogin =
   abstract member IsValid: bool

type Login(id:int, username:string, password:string) =
    member this.Id = id
    member this.Username = username
    member this.Password = password
    interface ILogin with
        member this.IsValid = this.Username = "connel" && this.Password = "password"

This code is easy to consume from C#:

using System;
using Interoperability.FSharp;

namespace Interoperability.CSharp
{
    internal static class Program
    {
        private static void Main()
        {
            Login login = new Login(42, "connel", "password");
            PrintWelcomeMessage(login);
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

        private static void PrintWelcomeMessage(ILogin login)
        {
            if (login.IsValid)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Login successful");
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Failed to log in");
            }
        }
    }
}

This is because C# (obviously) already has support for classes and interfaces. But what about some of the language constructs in F# that simply do not exist in C#?

The rest of this article will cover what some of these constructs look like when they are exposed to C# projects without being wrapped up in an OO friendly class like the one above. This article is not a guide to the recommended best practices, but instead aims to offer some insight into what F# compiles down to and justifies why the guidelines are needed. This article covers F# 4.1 and C# 7.

NamespacesGo to Namespaces section

F# projects do not have a default namespace option in their project settings. If you do not put a module in a namespace, then it becomes available globally in any C# projects that reference its project.

The following F# function:

module Example
    let add num1 num2 = num1 + num2

Can be consumed in C# like so:

using System;

namespace Interoperability.CSharp
{
    internal static class Program
    {
        private static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine(Example.add(1, 2)); //prints 3
        }
    }
}

Note that the C# code does not require a using statement to use the F# Example module. If we add a namespace to the module:

namespace Interoperability.FSharp

module Example =
    let add num1 num2 = num1 + num2

Then a using statement is required in the C# project:

using System;
using Interoperability.FSharp;

namespace Interoperability.CSharp
{
    internal static class Program
    {
        private static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine(Example.add(1, 2)); //prints 3
        }
    }
}

ModulesGo to Modules section

As shown in the namespace section of this article, modules are exposed to C# as static classes. If you want to replicate being able to open a module from C#, you can use a using static statement like so:

using System;
using static Interoperability.FSharp.Example;

namespace Interoperability.CSharp
{
    internal static class Program
    {
        private static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine(add(1, 2)); //prints 3
        }
    }
}

ValuesGo to Values section

Modules can contain values:

module Example
    let message = "This is an example getter"

These values are exposed to C# as properties with a getter:

public static class Example
{
    public static string message { get; }
}

Modules can also contain mutable values:

module Example
    let mutable message = "This is an example getter"

Mutable values are exposed to C# as properties with a getter and setter:

public static class Example
{
    public static string message { get; set; }
}

FunctionsGo to Functions section

As shown in the modules section, F# functions are exposed as you'd expect. In F#, functions are curried and can be partially applied. When accessing an F# function from C#, this functionality is not available. You must provide all parameters to a function when calling it.

RecordsGo to Records section

F# records are exposed to C# as classes that take in all of their properties in their constructor. The following F# record contains a string, an int and an IEnumerable<string>:

type Person = {
    id: int
    name: string
    friends: string seq
}

This record is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature¹:

public sealed class Person : IEquatable<Person>, IStructuralEquatable, IComparable<Person>, IComparable, IStructuralComparable
{
    public Person(int id, string name, IEnumerable<string> friends);

    public int id { get; }
    public string name { get; }
    public IEnumerable<string> friends { get; }

    public sealed override int CompareTo(Person obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj, IComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj, IEqualityComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(Person obj);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj);
    public sealed override int GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comp);
    public sealed override int GetHashCode();
    public override string ToString();
}

Records have the following characteristics when used from C#:

All properties are readonly (getters only)
Properties are populated via the constructor
Various comparison interfaces are implemented for you

This means records work exactly as you would expect in C#:

private static void Main()
{
    Person person1 = new Person(42, "connel", new []{"bob"});
    Console.WriteLine(person1.id); //prints 42
    Console.WriteLine(person1.name); //prints connel

    Person person2 = new Person(42, "connel", new[] { "bob" });
    Console.WriteLine(person1.Equals(person2) ? "same" : "not same"); //prints same
    Console.ReadLine();
}

TuplesGo to Tuples section

BackgroundGo to Background section

A very brief history of tuples types in .NET:

F# has had support for tuples since its inception. It uses the System.Tuple(opens in a new window) class.
Recently, C#7 added support for tuples. To do this it created a new struct type called System.ValueTuple(opens in a new window).
F# 4.1 recently added support for the ValueTuple.

According to the MSDN docs(opens in a new window) for the ValueTuple, there are three main differences between the Tuple and ValueTuple:

Tuple	ValueTuple
Class	Struct
Immutable	Mutable
Items are properties	Items are fields

This article(opens in a new window) explains the design decisions C# took when creating the ValueTuple.

F# TupleGo to F# Tuple section

Let's see how F# tuples (System.Tuple) can be used in C#.

The following F# function takes in a tuple and returns a tuple:

module Example
    let flipFSharpTuple (val1, val2) =
        (val2, val1)

It can be consumed in C# like so:

private static void Main()
{
    (string result1, string result2) = Example.flipFSharpTuple("a", "b");
    Console.WriteLine($"{result1} {result2}"); //prints b a
    Console.ReadLine();
}

The following F# function takes in and returns a tuple that contains a tuple:

module Example
    let flipFSharpInnerTuple (val1, (val2, val3)) =
        (val1, (val3, val2))

It can be consumed in C# like so:

private static void Main()
{
    (string result1, (string result2, string result3)) = Example.flipFSharpInnerTuple("a", Tuple.Create("b", "c"));
    Console.WriteLine($"{result1} {result2} {result3}"); //prints a c b
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Below is the code that the nested example above gets compiled down to:

using System;

namespace Interoperability.CSharp
{
  internal static class Program
  {
    private static void Main()
    {
      string str1;
      Tuple<string, string> tuple;
      Example
        .flipFSharpInnerTuple<string, string, string>("a", Tuple.Create<string, string>("b", "c"))
        .Deconstruct<string, Tuple<string, string>>(out str1, out tuple);
      string str2;
      string str3;
      tuple.Deconstruct<string, string>(out str2, out str3);
      Console.WriteLine(string.Format("{0} {1} {2}", (object) str1, (object) str2, (object) str3));
      Console.ReadLine();
    }
  }
}

The first element of the tuple is deconstructed into out a variable called str1.
The second element of the tuple (which is also a tuple) is deconstructed into out a variable called tuple.
Then each element of nested tuple is deconstructed into variables called str2 and str3

C# TupleGo to C# Tuple section

Let's see how C# tuples (System.ValueTuple) created in F# can be used in C#. To create a C# tuple in F# the struct keyword is used.

The following F# function takes in a tuple and returns a tuple:

module Example
    let flipCSharpTuple struct(val1, val2) =
        struct(val2, val1)

It can be consumed in C# like so:

private static void Main()
{
    (string result1, string result2) = Example.flipCSharpTuple(("a", "b"));
    Console.WriteLine($"{result1} {result2}"); //prints b a
    Console.ReadLine();
}

The following F# function takes in and returns a tuple that contains a tuple:

module Example
    let flipCSharpInnerTuple struct(val1, struct(val2, val3)) =
        struct(val1, struct(val3, val2))

It can be consumed in C# like so:

private static void Main()
{
    (string result1, (string result2, string result3)) = Example.flipCSharpInnerTuple(("a", ("b", "c")));
    Console.WriteLine($"{result1} {result2} {result3}"); //prints a c b
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Below is the code that the nested example above gets compiled down to:

private static void Main()
{
    ValueTuple<string, ValueTuple<string, string>> valueTuple1 = Example.flipCSharpInnerTuple<string, string, string>(new ValueTuple<string, ValueTuple<string, string>>("a", new ValueTuple<string, string>("b", "c")));
    ValueTuple<string, string> valueTuple2 = valueTuple1.Item2;
    Console.WriteLine(string.Format("{0} {1} {2}", (object) valueTuple1.Item1, (object) valueTuple2.Item1, (object) valueTuple2.Item2));
    Console.ReadLine();
}

The outer tuple is placed in a variable called valueTuple1
The inner tuple is pulled out into its own variable called valueTuple2
The elements from inside the tuples are simply accessed from their tuple e.g. valueTuple1.Item1
No deconstructors are used like the F# tuples

I'm sure it will come as no surprise to you that C# tuples work better in C# than F# tuples.

Discriminated UnionsGo to Discriminated Unions section

There are two types of discriminated unions in F#. Those that contain compile-time constant values and those that contain types.

Cases With ValuesGo to Cases With Values section

Discriminated unions that contain values are compiled down to enums and are therefore easy to consume in C#.

The following F# type:

type LogLevels =
| Error = 1
| Warning = 2
| Info = 3

Is compiled down to the following enum:

public enum LogLevels
{
    Error = 1,
    Warning = 2,
    Info = 3
}

F# has support for using chars as values but these types cannot be used in C#. The following F# type:

type LogLevels =
| Error = 'a'
| Warning = 'b'
| Info = 'c'

Gives the following error in C#:

Screenshot of Visual Studio displaying an error when trying to use a char enum from F#

Cases With TypesGo to Cases With Types section

The most common form of discriminated unions however, have cases that are either empty or contain types.

The following F# discriminated union type:

type LogLevels =
| Error
| Warning
| Info

Is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public sealed class LogLevels : IEquatable<LogLevels>, IStructuralEquatable, IComparable<LogLevels>, IComparable, IStructuralComparable
{
    public static LogLevels Error { get; }
    public static LogLevels Warning { get; }
    public static LogLevels Info { get; }
    public bool IsInfo { get; }
    public int Tag { get; }
    public bool IsError { get; }
    public bool IsWarning { get; }

    public sealed override int CompareTo(LogLevels obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj, IComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj, IEqualityComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(LogLevels obj);
    public sealed override int GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comp);
    public sealed override int GetHashCode();
    public override string ToString();

    public static class Tags
    {
        public const int Error = 0;
        public const int Warning = 1;
        public const int Info = 2;
    }
}

As you can see from the signature above, the class exposes three LogLevels properties (Error, Warning and Info). These properties return instances of the LogLevel. This class is sealed so nothing can inherit off it, this means we know that the objects returned by these properties are of the type LogLevels and not a sub-class.

C# 7 has introduced very basic pattern matching(opens in a new window) that allows us to use the switch statement to switch on an object's type. Unfortunately, we cannot use C#'s new pattern matching with this type, as each case is not given its own type to match onto.

This means we switch using the tag instead. This is less elegant:

private static void Main()
{
    LogLevels level = LogLevels.Info;
    switch (level.Tag)
    {
        case LogLevels.Tags.Error:
            Console.WriteLine("error");
            break;
        case LogLevels.Tags.Warning:
            Console.WriteLine("warning");
            break;
        case LogLevels.Tags.Info:
            Console.WriteLine("info"); //prints info
            break;
        default:
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
    }
}

Now let's look at the following F# type:

type LogLevels =
| Error of int
| Warning of struct(int * string)
| Info of string

This type is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public abstract class LogLevels : IEquatable<LogLevels>, IStructuralEquatable, IComparable<LogLevels>, IComparable, IStructuralComparable
{
    public bool IsInfo { get; }
    public bool IsWarning { get; }
    public bool IsError { get; }
    public int Tag { get; }

    public static LogLevels NewError(int item);
    public static LogLevels NewInfo(string item);
    public static LogLevels NewWarning((int, string) item);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(LogLevels obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj);
    public sealed override int CompareTo(object obj, IComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj);
    public sealed override bool Equals(object obj, IEqualityComparer comp);
    public sealed override bool Equals(LogLevels obj);
    public sealed override int GetHashCode();
    public sealed override int GetHashCode(IEqualityComparer comp);
    public override string ToString();

    public static class Tags
    {
        public const int Error = 0;
        public const int Warning = 1;
        public const int Info = 2;
    }
    public class Warning : LogLevels
    {
        public (int, string) Item { get; }
    }
    public class Error : LogLevels
    {
        public int Item { get; }
    }
    public class Info : LogLevels
    {
        public string Item { get; }
    }
}

This time the compiler has created sub-classes for us, so C# pattern matching does work on this type:

private static void Main()
{
    LogLevels errorLevel = LogLevels.NewError(42);
    LogLevels warningLevel = LogLevels.NewWarning((42, "message"));
    LogLevels infoLevel = LogLevels.NewInfo("message");
    switch (infoLevel)
    {
        case LogLevels.Error e:
            Console.WriteLine($"error {e.Item}");
            break;
        case LogLevels.Warning w:
            Console.WriteLine($"warning {w.Item.Item1} {w.Item.Item2}");
            break;
        case LogLevels.Info i:
            Console.WriteLine($"info {i.Item}"); //prints info message
            break;
        default:
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();
    }
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Somewhat annoyingly, the union case's contents are put inside an Item property. This isn't as succinct as an F# match expression, where the value is unpacked into a local variable for you. I guess this is more an issue with the C# switch statement than it is with the discriminated union itself.

It would be much more reasonable if discriminated unions with empty cases were either compiled down to enums or were given empty sub-classes. Empty sub-classes would be better as it would cover discriminated unions that have both empty and none-empty cases.

UnitGo to Unit section

Functions that return unit, return void in C#. The following pointless F# code takes in unit and returns unit:

module Example
    let run () = ()

This function is exposed to C# as a method that has no parameters and returns void:

public static class Example
{
    public static void run();
}

So far so good. But what happens if we write a really (really) pointless function that takes in a tuple (that contains a value and unit) and then returns the same tuple flipped:

module Example
    let flipUnitTuple (val1, ()) =
        struct((), val1)

To consume this function, we are asked to reference FSharp.Core:

Screenshot of Visual Studio asking to add a reference to F# Core to use the unit type

Before finding out that we cannot instantiate unit anyway:

Screenshot of Visual Studio error message when trying to construct a unit type

Instead of constructing the unit type however, we can simply pass in null like so²:

private static void Main()
{
    (Unit empty, int result) = Example.flipUnitTuple(42, null);
    Console.WriteLine(result); //prints 42
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Higher Order FunctionsGo to Higher Order Functions section

The following F# module contains a function that takes in another function as its second parameter:

module Example
    let pipe i mapper =
        mapper(i)

It is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public static class Example
{
    public static b pipe<a, b>(a i, FSharpFunc<a, b> mapper);
}

Unfortunately, this function does not expose itself to C# in the way you'd expect. Instead of finding the C# friendly Func type as the second parameter, we find a new type called FSharpFunc. Consuming this function in C# is not pretty:

private static void Main()
{
    int result = Example.pipe(42, FSharpFunc<int, int>.FromConverter(input => input * 2));
    Console.WriteLine(result); //prints 84
    Console.ReadLine();
}

We have to use a converter to convert a C# Func type into the equivalent FSharpFunc type. I'm sure there are good architectural reasons why they both have different func types, but it sure would be nice if the compiler did the heavy lifting here for us, like it does with the unit type and void.

OptionGo to Option section

The following F# module contains a function that returns an option type:

module Example
    open System
    let parseInt x =
        match Int32.TryParse(x) with
        | success, result when success -> Some(result)
        | _ -> None

It is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public static class Example
{
    public static Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpOption<int> parseInt(string x);
}

To consume this function in C# we must reference FSharp.Core - just like we did for the unit type:

Screenshot of Visual Studio asking to add a reference to F# Core to use the option type

We can assign values to option types without a hitch in C#:

private static void Main()
{
    FSharpOption<int> result1 = Example.parseInt("42");
    FSharpOption<int> result2 = 42; //implicit operator
    FSharpOption<int> result3 = FSharpOption<int>.Some(42);
    FSharpOption<int> result4 = FSharpOption<int>.None;

    Console.WriteLine(result1); //prints Some(42)
    Console.WriteLine(result2); //prints Some(42)
    Console.WriteLine(result3); //prints Some(42)
    Console.WriteLine(result4); //prints nothing
    Console.ReadLine();
}

Unfortunately, options become pretty useless once we want to access the values we've assigned to them. The option type does not expose much to C# 7 projects.

Below is a screenshot of Intellisense when using an instance of the option class:

Screenshot of Visual Studio Intellisense when using an option instance

Below is a screenshot of Intellisense when using static methods in the option class:

Screenshot of Visual Studio Intellisense when using an option instance

One surprising thing I found was that the None property returned null.

Screenshot of Visual Studio null reference exception when using none type

Due to the lack of functionality exposed by the option type to C#, it becomes awkward to use:

private static void Main()
{
    Print(FSharpOption<int>.None); //prints value is: none
    Print(Example.parseInt("42")); //prints value is: 42
    Console.ReadLine();
}

private static void Print(FSharpOption<int> item)
{
    if (FSharpOption<int>.get_IsNone(item))
    {
        Console.WriteLine("value is: none");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"value is: {item.Value}");
    }
}

As you can see you lose all the benefits of the option type in C#. If you want use something like the option type in C#, you'll have to stick with one of the already well established NuGet packages like Strilanc.Value.May(opens in a new window).

CollectionsGo to Collections section

There are three main types of collections in F#.

SeqGo to Seq section

The following F# module contains a function that returns seq:

module Example
    let getSeq = seq {
        yield "a"
    }

It is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public static class Example
{
    public static IEnumerable<string> getSeq { get; }
}

Seq is an alias for IEnumerable so is perfectly consumable from C#.

ListGo to List section

The following F# module contains a function that returns an F# list:

module Example
    let getList = ["a"]

It is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public static class Example
{
    public static FSharpList<string> getList { get; }
}

As you can see, F# lists are not the same as C# lists. F# lists are immutable linked lists, so they differ in their implementation to C# lists.

To consume this function in C# we must reference FSharp.Core - just like we did for the unit and option types:

Screenshot of Visual Studio asking to add a reference to F# Core to use the F# list type

We can then consume the list like so:

private static void Main()
{
    FSharpList<string> result = Example.getList;
    foreach (string s in result)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(s); //prints a
    }
    Console.WriteLine(result[0]); //prints a
    Console.ReadLine();
}

F# lists are easy to consume from C#, although it is always better practice to expose IEnumerables to your C# projects. It is also worth mentioning that, as of F# 4.1, the FSharpList type also implements the IReadOnlyCollection interface, so that can be used instead. The following example demonstrates this:

private static void Main()
{
    IReadOnlyCollection<string> result = Example.getList;
    foreach (string s in result)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(s); //prints a
    }
    Console.WriteLine(result.ElementAt(0)); //prints a
    Console.ReadLine();
}

The code above still requires a references to FSharp.Core. It would be much nicer to consume F# lists in C# if they were exposed using this more C# friendly interface. Just like how the seq type is exposed as the C# friendly IEnumerable interface.

If you want to return a C# List from an F# function, then you must return the ResizeArray³ type which acts as an alias to the C# list type.

ArrayGo to Array section

The following F# module contains a function that returns an F# array:

module Example
    let getList = [|"a"|]

It is exposed to C# as a class with the following signature:

public static class Example
{
    public static string[] getList { get; }
}

Arrays are the same in F# as in C# so they perfectly consumable from C#.

Thanks to Haumohio Ltd in the comments for spotting a typo here. ↩
Thanks to vaskir (@kot_2010) on Twitter for pointing out that null can be used when a function takes in unit. ↩
Thanks to Stuart in the comments for pointing out the ResizeArray(opens in a new window) type. ↩

IntroductionGo to Introduction section

NamespacesGo to Namespaces section

ModulesGo to Modules section

ValuesGo to Values section

FunctionsGo to Functions section

RecordsGo to Records section

TuplesGo to Tuples section

BackgroundGo to Background section

F# TupleGo to F# Tuple section

C# TupleGo to C# Tuple section

Discriminated UnionsGo to Discriminated Unions section

Cases With ValuesGo to Cases With Values section

Cases With TypesGo to Cases With Types section

UnitGo to Unit section

Higher Order FunctionsGo to Higher Order Functions section

OptionGo to Option section

CollectionsGo to Collections section

SeqGo to Seq section

ListGo to List section

ArrayGo to Array section

FootnotesGo to Footnotes section